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作品: 人类简史:从动物到上帝 |作者:尤瓦尔·赫拉利 |分类:其他类型 |更新:05-11 17:15|

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{58}关于麦元的信息,我参考了一本未出版的博士论文:RefaelBenvenisti,EconomicInstitutionsofAncientAssyrianTradeintheTwentiethtoEighteenthCenturiesBC(HebrewUniversityofJerusalem,UnpublishedPh.D.thesis,2011).并请参见:NormanYoffee,'TheEconomyofAncientWesternAsia',inCivilizationsoftheAncientNearEast,vol.1,ed.J.M.Sasson(NewYork:C.Scribner'sSons,1995),1387-99;R.K.Englund,'Proto-CuneiformAccount-BooksandJournals',inCreatingEconomicOrder:Record-keeping,Standardization,andtheDevelopmentofAccountingintheAncientNearEast,ed.MichaelHudsonandCorneliaWunsch(Bethesda,MD:CDLPress,2004),21-46;MarvinA.Powell,'AContributiontotheHistoryofMoneyinMesopotamiapriortotheInventionofCoinage',inFestschriftLuborMatou.,ed.B.Hru.kaandG.Komoróczy(Budapest:E.tv.sLorándTudományegyetem,1978),211-43;MarvinA.Powell,'MoneyinMesopotamia',JournaloftheEconomicandSocialHistoryoftheOrient,39:3(1996),224-42;JohnF.Robertson,'TheSocialandEconomicOrganizationofAncientMesopotamianTemples',inCivilizationsoftheAncientNearEast,vol.1,ed.Sasson,443-500;M.Silver,'ModernAncients',inCommerceandMonetarySystemsintheAncientWorld:MeansofTransmissionandCulturalInteraction,ed.R.RollingerandU.Christoph(Stuttgart:Steiner,2004),65-87;DanielC.Snell,'MethodsofExchangeandCoinageinAncientWesternAsia',inCivilizationsoftheAncientNearEast,vol.1,ed.Sasson,1487-97.

{59}NahumMegged,TheAztecs(TelAviv:Dvir,1999[Hebrew]),103.

{60}Tacitus,Agricola,ch.30(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUniversityPress,1958),pp.220-21.

{61}A.Fienup-Riordan,TheNelsonIslandEskimo:SocialStructureandRitualDistribution(Anchorage:AlaskaPacificUniversityPress,1983),p.10.

{62}YuriPines,'NationStates,GlobalizationandaUnitedEmpire–theChineseExperience(thirdtofifthcenturiesBC)',Historia15(1995),54[Hebrew].

{63}AlexanderYakobson,'UsandThem:Empire,MemoryandIdentityinClaudiusSpeechonBringingGaulsintotheRomanSenate',inOnMemory:AnInterdisciplinaryApproach,ed.DoronMendels(Oxford:PeterLand,2007),23-24.

{64}W.H.C.Frend,MartyrdomandPersecutionintheEarlyChurch(Cambridge:JamesClarke&Co.,2008),536-37.

{65}RobertJeanKnecht,TheRiseandFallofRenaissanceFrance,1483-1610(London:FontanaPress,1996),424.

{66}MarieHarmandHermannWiehle,LebenskundefuerMittelschulen-FuenfterTeil.Klasse5fuerJungen(Halle:HermannSchroedelVerlag,1942),152-57.

{67}SusanBlackmore,TheMemeMachine(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1999).

{68}DavidChristian,MapsofTime:AnIntroductiontoBigHistory(Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,2004),344-45;AngusMaddison,TheWorldEconomy,vol.2(Paris:DevelopmentCentreoftheOrganizationofEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment,2001),636;'HistoricalEstimatesofWorldPopulation',U.S.CensusBureau,accessedDecember10,2010,http:www.census.govipcwwwworldhis.html.

{69}Maddison,TheWorldEconomy,vol.1,261.

{70}GrossDomesticProduct2009,TheWorldBank,DataandStatistics,accessedDecember10,2010,http:siteresources.worldbank.orgDATASTATISTICSResourcesGDP.pdf

{71}Christian,MapsofTime,141.

{72}当代最大的货轮能够承载大约10万吨的货物。在1470年,全球舰队船队加起来,承载量也不超过32万吨。到了1570年,总承载量已达到73万吨。(Maddison,TheWorldEconomy,vol.1,97).

{73}全球规模最大的银行,苏格兰皇家银行(RoyalBankofScotland),于2007年申报的存款为1.3兆美元,是1500年全球总产值的五倍。参见'AnnualReportandAccounts2008',TheRoyalBankofScotland,35,accessedDecember10,2010.http:files.shareholder.comdownloadsRBS626570033x0x278481eb7a003a-5c9b-41ef-bad3-81fb98a6c823RBS_GRA_2008_09_03_09.pdf

{74}Ferguson,AscentofMoney,185-98.

{75}Maddison,TheWorldEconomy,vol.1,31;Wrigley,EnglishPopulationHistory,295;Christian,MapsofTime,450,452;'WorldHealthStatisticReport2009',35-45,WorldHealthOrganization,accessedDecember10,2010http:www.who.intwhosiswhostatEN_WHS09_Full.pdf.

{76}Wrigley,EnglishPopulationHistory,296.

{77}'England,InterimLifeTables,1980-82to2007-09',OfficeforNationalStatistics,accessedMarch22,2012http:www.ons.gov.ukonspublicationsre-reference-tables.htmledition=tcm%3A77-61850

{78}MichaelPrestwich,EdwardI(Berkley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1988),125-26.

{79}JennieB.Dormanetal.,'Theage-1anddaf-2GenesFunctioninaCommonPathwaytoControltheLifespanofCaenorhabditiselegans',Genetics141:4(1995),1399-1406;KoenHouthoofdetal.,'LifeExtensionviaDietaryRestrictionisIndependentoftheInsIGF-1SignalingPathwayinCaenorhabditiselegans',ExperimentalGerontology38:9(2003),947-54.

{80}ShawnM.Douglas,IdoBachelet,andGeorgeM.Church,'ALogic-GatedNanorobotforTargetedTransportofMolecularPayloads',Science335:6070(2012):831-4;DanPeeretal.,'NanocarriersAsAnEmergingPlatformforCancerTherapy',NatureNanotechnology2(2007):751-60;DanPeeretal.,'SystemicLeukocyte-DirectedsiRNADeliveryRevealingCyclinD1asanAnti-InflammatoryTarget',Science319:5863(2008):627-30.

{81}StephenR.Bown,Scurvy:HowaSurgeon,aMariner,andaGentlemanSolvedtheGreatestMedicalMysteryoftheAgeofSail(NewYork:ThomasDunneBooks,St.Matin'sPress,2004);KennethJohnCarpenter,TheHistoryofScurvyandVitaminC(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1986).

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